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TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) NAME termcap - terminal capability data base SYNOPSIS /etc/termcap DESCRIPTION _✓T_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p is a data base describing terminals, used, _✓e._✓g., by _✓v_✓i(1) and _✓c_✓u_✓r_✓s_✓e_✓s(3X). Terminals are described in _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p by giving a set of capabilities that they have and by describ- ing how operations are performed. Padding requirements and initialization sequences are included in _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p. Entries in _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p consist of a number of `:'-separated fields. The first entry for each terminal gives the names that are known for the terminal, separated by `|' charac- ters. The first name is always two characters long and is used by older systems which store the terminal type in a 16-bit word in a system-wide data base. The second name given is the most common abbreviation for the terminal, the last name given should be a long name fully identifying the terminal, and all others are understood as synonyms for the terminal name. All names but the first and last should be in lower case and contain no blanks; the last name may well contain upper case and blanks for readability. Terminal names (except for the last, verbose entry) should be chosen using the following conventions. The particular piece of hardware making up the terminal should have a root name chosen, thus "hp2621". This name should not contain hyphens. Modes that the hardware can be in or user prefer- ences should be indicated by appending a hyphen and an indi- cator of the mode. Therefore, a "vt100" in 132-column mode would be "vt100-w". The following suffixes should be used where possible: Suffix Meaning Example -w Wide mode (more than 80 columns) vt100-w -am With automatic margins (usually default) vt100-am -nam Without automatic margins vt100-nam -_✓n Number of lines on the screen aaa-60 -na No arrow keys (leave them in local) concept100-na -_✓np Number of pages of memory concept100-4p -rv Reverse video concept100-rv CAPABILITIES The characters in the _✓N_✓o_✓t_✓e_✓s field in the table have the fol- lowing meanings (more than one may apply to a capability): N indicates numeric parameter(s) P indicates that padding may be specified * indicates that padding may be based on the number of lines affected Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 1 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) o indicates capability is obsolete "Obsolete" capabilities have no _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o equivalents, since they were considered useless, or are subsumed by other capa- bilities. New software should not rely on them at all. Name Type Notes Description ae str (P) End alternate character set AL str (NP*) Add _✓n new blank lines al str (P*) Add new blank line am bool Terminal has automatic margins as str (P) Start alternate character set bc str (o) Backspace if not ^H bl str (P) Audible signal (bell) bs bool (o) Terminal can backspace with ^H bt str (P) Back tab bw bool le (backspace) wraps from column 0 to last column CC str Terminal settable command character in prototype cd str (P*) Clear to end of display ce str (P) Clear to end of line ch str (NP) Set cursor column (horizontal position) cl str (P*) Clear screen and home cursor CM str (NP) Memory-relative cursor addressing cm str (NP) Screen-relative cursor motion co num Number of columns in a line (See BUGS section below) cr str (P) Carriage return cs str (NP) Change scrolling region (VT100) ct str (P) Clear all tab stops cv str (NP) Set cursor row (vertical position) da bool Display may be retained above the screen dB num (o) Milliseconds of bs delay needed (default 0) db bool Display may be retained below the screen DC str (NP*) Delete _✓n characters dC num (o) Milliseconds of cr delay needed (default 0) dc str (P*) Delete character dF num (o) Milliseconds of ff delay needed (default 0) DL str (NP*) Delete _✓n lines dl str (P*) Delete line dm str Enter delete mode dN num (o) Milliseconds of nl delay needed (default 0) DO str (NP*) Move cursor down _✓n lines do str Down one line ds str Disable status line dT num (o) Milliseconds of horizontal tab delay needed (default 0) dV num (o) Milliseconds of vertical tab delay needed (default 0) ec str (NP) Erase _✓n characters ed str End delete mode ei str End insert mode eo bool Can erase overstrikes with a blank EP bool (o) Even parity es bool Escape can be used on the status line ff str (P*) Hardcopy terminal page eject Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 2 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) fs str Return from status line gn bool Generic line type (_✓e._✓g. dialup, switch) hc bool Hardcopy terminal HD bool (o) Half-duplex hd str Half-line down (forward 1/2 linefeed) ho str (P) Home cursor hs bool Has extra "status line" hu str Half-line up (reverse 1/2 linefeed) hz bool Cannot print ~s (Hazeltine) i1-i3 str Terminal initialization strings (_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o only) IC str (NP*) Insert _✓n blank characters ic str (P*) Insert character if str Name of file containing initialization string im str Enter insert mode in bool Insert mode distinguishes nulls iP str Pathname of program for initialization (_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o only) ip str (P*) Insert pad after character inserted is str Terminal initialization string (_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p only) it num Tabs initially every _✓n positions K1 str Sent by keypad upper left K2 str Sent by keypad upper right K3 str Sent by keypad center K4 str Sent by keypad lower left K5 str Sent by keypad lower right k0-k9 str Sent by function keys 0-9 kA str Sent by insert-line key ka str Sent by clear-all-tabs key kb str Sent by backspace key kC str Sent by clear-screen or erase key kD str Sent by delete-character key kd str Sent by down-arrow key kE str Sent by clear-to-end-of-line key ke str Out of "keypad transmit" mode kF str Sent by scroll-forward/down key kH str Sent by home-down key kh str Sent by home key kI str Sent by insert-character or enter-insert-mode key kL str Sent by delete-line key kl str Sent by left-arrow key kM str Sent by insert key while in insert mode km bool Has a "meta" key (shift, sets parity bit) kN str Sent by next-page key kn num (o) Number of function (k0-k9) keys (default 0) ko str (o) Termcap entries for other non-function keys kP str Sent by previous-page key kR str Sent by scroll-backward/up key kr str Sent by right-arrow key kS str Sent by clear-to-end-of-screen key ks str Put terminal in "keypad transmit" mode kT str Sent by set-tab key kt str Sent by clear-tab key ku str Sent by up-arrow key Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 3 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) l0-l9 str Labels on function keys if not "f_✓n" LC bool (o) Lower-case only LE str (NP) Move cursor left _✓n positions le str (P) Move cursor left one position li num Number of lines on screen or page (See BUGS section below) ll str Last line, first column lm num Lines of memory if > li (0 means varies) ma str (o) Arrow key map (used by _✓v_✓i version 2 only) mb str Turn on blinking attribute md str Turn on bold (extra bright) attribute me str Turn off all attributes mh str Turn on half-bright attribute mi bool Safe to move while in insert mode mk str Turn on blank attribute (characters invisible) ml str (o) Memory lock on above cursor mm str Turn on "meta mode" (8th bit) mo str Turn off "meta mode" mp str Turn on protected attribute mr str Turn on reverse-video attibute ms bool Safe to move in standout modes mu str (o) Memory unlock (turn off memory lock) nc bool (o) No correctly-working cr (Datamedia 2500, Hazeltine 2000) nd str Non-destructive space (cursor right) NL bool (o) \n is newline, not line feed nl str (o) Newline character if not \n ns bool (o) Terminal is a CRT but doesn't scroll nw str (P) Newline (behaves like cr followed by do) OP bool (o) Odd parity os bool Terminal overstrikes pb num Lowest baud where delays are required pc str Pad character (default NUL) pf str Turn off the printer pk str Program function key _✓n to type string _✓s (_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o only) pl str Program function key _✓n to execute string _✓s (_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o only) pO str (N) Turn on the printer for _✓n bytes po str Turn on the printer ps str Print contents of the screen pt bool (o) Has hardware tabs (may need to be set with is) px str Program function key _✓n to transmit string _✓s (_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o only) r1-r3 str Reset terminal completely to sane modes (_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o only) rc str (P) Restore cursor to position of last sc rf str Name of file containing reset codes RI str (NP) Move cursor right _✓n positions rp str (NP*) Repeat character _✓c _✓n times rs str Reset terminal completely to sane modes (_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p only) sa str (NP) Define the video attributes sc str (P) Save cursor position se str End standout mode SF str (NP*) Scroll forward _✓n lines sf str (P) Scroll text up sg num Number of garbage chars left by so or se (default 0) so str Begin standout mode Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 4 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) SR str (NP*) Scroll backward _✓n lines sr str (P) Scroll text down st str Set a tab in all rows, current column ta str (P) Tab to next 8-position hardware tab stop tc str Entry of similar terminal - must be last te str String to end programs that use _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p ti str String to begin programs that use _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p ts str (N) Go to status line, column _✓n UC bool (o) Upper-case only uc str Underscore one character and move past it ue str End underscore mode ug num Number of garbage chars left by us or ue (default 0) ul bool Underline character overstrikes UP str (NP*) Move cursor up _✓n lines up str Upline (cursor up) us str Start underscore mode vb str Visible bell (must not move cursor) ve str Make cursor appear normal (undo vs/vi) vi str Make cursor invisible vs str Make cursor very visible vt num Virtual terminal number (not supported on all systems) wi str (N) Set current window ws num Number of columns in status line xb bool Beehive (f1=ESC, f2=^C) xn bool Newline ignored after 80 cols (Concept) xo bool Terminal uses xoff/xon (DC3/DC1) handshaking xr bool (o) Return acts like ce cr nl (Delta Data) xs bool Standout not erased by overwriting (Hewlett-Packard) xt bool Tabs ruin, magic so char (Teleray 1061) xx bool (o) Tektronix 4025 insert-line A Sample Entry The following entry, which describes the Concept-100, is among the more complex entries in the _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p file as of this writing. ca|concept100|c100|concept|c104|concept100-4p|HDS Concept-100:\ :al=3*\E^R:am:bl=^G:cd=16*\E^C:ce=16\E^U:cl=2*^L:cm=\Ea%+ %+ :\ :co#80:.cr=9^M:db:dc=16\E^A:dl=3*\E^B:do=^J:ei=\E\200:eo:im=\E^P:in:\ :ip=16*:is=\EU\Ef\E7\E5\E8\El\ENH\EK\E\200\Eo&\200\Eo\47\E:k1=\E5:\ :k2=\E6:k3=\E7:kb=^h:kd=\E<:ke=\Ex:kh=\E?:kl=\E>:kr=\E=:ks=\EX:\ :ku=\E;:le=^H:li#24:mb=\EC:me=\EN\200:mh=\EE:mi:mk=\EH:mp=\EI:\ :mr=\ED:nd=\E=:pb#9600:rp=0.2*\Er%.%+ :se=\Ed\Ee:sf=^J:so=\EE\ED:\ :.ta=8\t:te=\Ev \200\200\200\200\200\200\Ep\r\n:\ :ti=\EU\Ev 8p\Ep\r:ue=\Eg:ul:up=\E;:us=\EG:\ :vb=\Ek\200\200\200\200\200\200\200\200\200\200\200\200\200\200\EK:\ :ve=\Ew:vs=\EW:vt#8:xn:\ :bs:cr=^M:dC#9:dT#8:nl=^J:ta=^I:pt: Entries may continue onto multiple lines by giving a \ as the last character of a line, and empty fields may be Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 5 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) included for readability (here between the last field on a line and the first field on the next). Comments may be included on lines beginning with "#". Types of Capabilities Capabilities in _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p are of three types: Boolean capabil- ities, which indicate particular features that the terminal has; numeric capabilities, giving the size of the display or the size of other attributes; and string capabilities, which give character sequences that can be used to perform partic- ular terminal operations. All capabilities have two-letter codes. For instance, the fact that the Concept has _✓a_✓u_✓t_✓o_✓m_✓a_✓t_✓i_✓c _✓m_✓a_✓r_✓g_✓i_✓n_✓s (_✓i._✓e., an automatic return and linefeed when the end of a line is reached) is indicated by the Boolean capability am. Hence the description of the Concept includes am. Numeric capabilities are followed by the character `#' then the value. In the example above co, which indicates the number of columns the display has, gives the value `80' for the Concept. Finally, string-valued capabilities, such as ce (clear-to- end-of-line sequence) are given by the two-letter code, an `=', then a string ending at the next following `:'. A delay in milliseconds may appear after the `=' in such a capability, which causes padding characters to be supplied by _✓t_✓p_✓u_✓t_✓s after the remainder of the string is sent to pro- vide this delay. The delay can be either a number, _✓e._✓g. `20', or a number followed by an `*', _✓i._✓e., `3*'. An `*' indicates that the padding required is proportional to the number of lines affected by the operation, and the amount given is the per-affected-line padding required. (In the case of insert-character, the factor is still the number of _✓l_✓i_✓n_✓e_✓s affected; this is always 1 unless the terminal has in and the software uses it.) When an `*' is specified, it is sometimes useful to give a delay of the form `3.5' to specify a delay per line to tenths of milliseconds. (Only one decimal place is allowed.) A number of escape sequences are provided in the string- valued capabilities for easy encoding of control characters there. \E maps to an ESC character, ^X maps to a control-X for any appropriate X, and the sequences \n \r \t \b \f map to linefeed, return, tab, backspace, and formfeed, respec- tively. Finally, characters may be given as three octal digits after a \, and the characters ^ and \ may be given as \^ and \\. If it is necessary to place a : in a capability it must be escaped in octal as \072. If it is necessary to place a NUL character in a string capability it must be encoded as \200. (The routines that deal with _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p use C Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 6 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) strings and strip the high bits of the output very late, so that a \200 comes out as a \000 would.) Sometimes individual capabilities must be commented out. To do this, put a period before the capability name. For exam- ple, see the first cr and ta in the example above. Preparing Descriptions We now outline how to prepare descriptions of terminals. The most effective way to prepare a terminal description is by imitating the description of a similar terminal in _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p and to build up a description gradually, using par- tial descriptions with _✓v_✓i to check that they are correct. Be aware that a very unusual terminal may expose deficien- cies in the ability of the _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p file to describe it or bugs in _✓v_✓i. To easily test a new terminal description you can set the environment variable TERMCAP to the absolute pathname of a file containing the description you are work- ing on and programs will look there rather than in /_✓e_✓t_✓c/_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p. TERMCAP can also be set to the _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p entry itself to avoid reading the file when starting up a program. To get the padding for insert-line right (if the terminal manufacturer did not document it), a severe test is to use _✓v_✓i to edit /_✓e_✓t_✓c/_✓p_✓a_✓s_✓s_✓w_✓d at 9600 baud, delete roughly 16 lines from the middle of the screen, then hit the `u' key several times quickly. If the display messes up, more padding is usually needed. A similar test can be used for insert- character. Basic Capabilities The number of columns on each line of the display is given by the co numeric capability. If the display is a CRT, then the number of lines on the screen is given by the li capa- bility. If the display wraps around to the beginning of the next line when the cursor reaches the right margin, then it should have the am capability. If the terminal can clear its screen, the code to do this is given by the cl string capability. If the terminal overstrikes (rather than clear- ing the position when a character is overwritten), it should have the os capability. If the terminal is a printing ter- minal, with no soft copy unit, give it both hc and os. (os applies to storage scope terminals, such as the Tektronix 4010 series, as well as to hard copy and APL terminals.) If there is a code to move the cursor to the left edge of the current row, give this as cr. (Normally this will be carriage-return, ^M.) If there is a code to produce an audi- ble signal (bell, beep, _✓e_✓t_✓c.), give this as bl. Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 7 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) If there is a code (such as backspace) to move the cursor one position to the left, that capability should be given as le. Similarly, codes to move to the right, up, and down should be given as nd, up, and do, respectively. These _✓l_✓o_✓c_✓a_✓l _✓c_✓u_✓r_✓s_✓o_✓r _✓m_✓o_✓t_✓i_✓o_✓n_✓s should not alter the text they pass over; for example, you would not normally use "nd= " unless the terminal has the os capability, because the space would erase the character moved over. A very important point here is that the local cursor motions encoded in _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p have undefined behavior at the left and top edges of a CRT display. Programs should never attempt to backspace around the left edge, unless bw is given, and never attempt to go up off the top using local cursor motions. In order to scroll text up, a program goes to the bottom left corner of the screen and sends the sf (index) string. To scroll text down, a program goes to the top left corner of the screen and sends the sr (reverse index) string. The strings sf and sr have undefined behavior when not on their respective corners of the screen. Parameterized versions of the scrolling sequences are SF and SR, which have the same semantics as sf and sr except that they take one parameter and scroll that many lines. They also have undefined behavior except at the appropriate corner of the screen. The am capability tells whether the cursor sticks at the right edge of the screen when text is output there, but this does not necessarily apply to nd from the last column. Leftward local motion is defined from the left edge only when bw is given; then an le from the left edge will move to the right edge of the previous row. This is useful for drawing a box around the edge of the screen, for example. If the terminal has switch-selectable automatic margins, the _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p description usually assumes that this feature is on, _✓i._✓e., am. If the terminal has a command that moves to the first column of the next line, that command can be given as nw (newline). It is permissible for this to clear the remainder of the current line, so if the terminal has no correctly-working CR and LF it may still be possible to craft a working nw out of one or both of them. These capabilities suffice to describe hardcopy and "glass- tty" terminals. Thus the Teletype model 33 is described as T3|tty33|33|tty|Teletype model 33:\ :bl=^G:co#72:cr=^M:do=^J:hc:os: and the Lear Siegler ADM-3 is described as Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 8 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) l3|adm3|3|LSI ADM-3:\ :am:bl=^G:cl=^Z:co#80:cr=^M:do=^J:le=^H:li#24:sf=^J: Parameterized Strings Cursor addressing and other strings requiring parameters are described by a parameterized string capability, with _✓p_✓r_✓i_✓n_✓t_✓f(3S)-like escapes %x in it, while other characters are passed through unchanged. For example, to address the cur- sor the cm capability is given, using two parameters: the row and column to move to. (Rows and columns are numbered from zero and refer to the physical screen visible to the user, not to any unseen memory. If the terminal has memory-relative cursor addressing, that can be indicated by an analogous CM capability.) The % encodings have the following meanings: %% output `%' %d output value as in _✓p_✓r_✓i_✓n_✓t_✓f %d %2 output value as in _✓p_✓r_✓i_✓n_✓t_✓f %2d %3 output value as in _✓p_✓r_✓i_✓n_✓t_✓f %3d %. output value as in _✓p_✓r_✓i_✓n_✓t_✓f %c %+_✓x add _✓x to value, then do %. %>_✓x_✓y if value > _✓x then add _✓y, no output %r reverse order of two parameters, no output %i increment by one, no output %n exclusive-or all parameters with 0140 (Datamedia 2500) %B BCD (16*(value/10)) + (value%10), no output %D Reverse coding (value - 2*(value%16)), no output (Delta Data) Consider the Hewlett-Packard 2645, which, to get to row 3 and column 12, needs to be sent "\E&a12c03Y" padded for 6 milliseconds. Note that the order of the row and column coordinates is reversed here and that the row and column are sent as two-digit integers. Thus its cm capability is "cm=6\E&%r%2c%2Y". The Microterm ACT-IV needs the current row and column sent simply encoded in binary preceded by a ^T, "cm=^T%.%.". Terminals that use "%." need to be able to backspace the cursor (le) and to move the cursor up one line on the screen (up). This is necessary because it is not always safe to transmit \n, ^D, and \r, as the system may change or discard them. (Programs using _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p must set terminal modes so that tabs are not expanded, so \t is safe to send. This turns out to be essential for the Ann Arbor 4080.) A final example is the Lear Siegler ADM-3a, which offsets row and column by a blank character, thus "cm=\E=%+ %+ ". Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 9 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) Row or column absolute cursor addressing can be given as single parameter capabilities ch (horizontal position abso- lute) and cv (vertical position absolute). Sometimes these are shorter than the more general two-parameter sequence (as with the Hewlett-Packard 2645) and can be used in preference to cm. If there are parameterized local motions (_✓e._✓g., move _✓n positions to the right) these can be given as DO, LE, RI, and UP with a single parameter indicating how many positions to move. These are primarily useful if the terminal does not have cm, such as the Tektronix 4025. Cursor Motions If the terminal has a fast way to home the cursor (to the very upper left corner of the screen), this can be given as ho. Similarly, a fast way of getting to the lower left-hand corner can be given as ll; this may involve going up with up from the home position, but a program should never do this itself (unless ll does), because it can make no assumption about the effect of moving up from the home position. Note that the home position is the same as cursor address (0,0): to the top left corner of the screen, not of memory. (Therefore, the "\EH" sequence on Hewlett-Packard terminals cannot be used for ho.) Area Clears If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the line, leaving the cursor where it is, this should be given as ce. If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the display, this should be given as cd. cd must only be invoked from the first column of a line. (Therefore, it can be simulated by a request to delete a large number of lines, if a true cd is not avail- able.) Insert/Delete Line If the terminal can open a new blank line before the line containing the cursor, this should be given as al; this must be invoked only from the first position of a line. The cur- sor must then appear at the left of the newly blank line. If the terminal can delete the line that the cursor is on, this should be given as dl; this must only be used from the first position on the line to be deleted. Versions of al and dl which take a single parameter and insert or delete that many lines can be given as AL and DL. If the terminal has a settable scrolling region (like the VT100), the com- mand to set this can be described with the cs capability, which takes two parameters: the top and bottom lines of the scrolling region. The cursor position is, alas, undefined after using this command. It is possible to get the effect Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 10 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) of insert or delete line using this command - the sc and rc (save and restore cursor) commands are also useful. Insert- ing lines at the top or bottom of the screen can also be done using sr or sf on many terminals without a true insert/delete line, and is often faster even on terminals with those features. If the terminal has the ability to define a window as part of memory which all commands affect, it should be given as the parameterized string wi. The four parameters are the starting and ending lines in memory and the starting and ending columns in memory, in that order. (This _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o capability is described for completeness. It is unlikely that any _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p-using program will support it.) If the terminal can retain display memory above the screen, then the da capability should be given; if display memory can be retained below, then db should be given. These indi- cate that deleting a line or scrolling may bring non-blank lines up from below or that scrolling back with sr may bring down non-blank lines. Insert/Delete Character There are two basic kinds of intelligent terminals with respect to insert/delete character that can be described using _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p. The most common insert/delete character operations affect only the characters on the current line and shift characters off the end of the line rigidly. Other terminals, such as the Concept-100 and the Perkin Elmer Owl, make a distinction between typed and untyped blanks on the screen, shifting upon an insert or delete only to an untyped blank on the screen which is either eliminated or expanded to two untyped blanks. You can determine the kind of termi- nal you have by clearing the screen then typing text separated by cursor motions. Type "abc def" using local cursor motions (not spaces) between the "abc" and the "def". Then position the cursor before the "abc" and put the termi- nal in insert mode. If typing characters causes the rest of the line to shift rigidly and characters to fall off the end, then your terminal does not distinguish between blanks and untyped positions. If the "abc" shifts over to the "def" which then move together around the end of the current line and onto the next as you insert, then you have the second type of terminal and should give the capability in, which stands for "insert null". While these are two logi- cally separate attributes (one line _✓v_✓s. multi-line insert mode, and special treatment of untyped spaces), we have seen no terminals whose insert mode cannot be described with the single attribute. Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 11 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) _✓T_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p can describe both terminals that have an insert mode and terminals that send a simple sequence to open a blank position on the current line. Give as im the sequence to get into insert mode. Give as ei the sequence to leave insert mode. Now give as ic any sequence that needs to be sent just before each character to be inserted. Most termi- nals with a true insert mode will not give ic; terminals that use a sequence to open a screen position should give it here. (If your terminal has both, insert mode is usually preferable to ic. Do not give both unless the terminal actually requires both to be used in combination.) If post- insert padding is needed, give this as a number of mil- liseconds in ip (a string option). Any other sequence that may need to be sent after insertion of a single character can also be given in ip. If your terminal needs to be placed into an `insert mode' and needs a special code preceding each inserted character, then both im/ei and ic can be given, and both will be used. The IC capability, with one parameter _✓n, will repeat the effects of ic _✓n times. It is occasionally necessary to move around while in insert mode to delete characters on the same line (_✓e._✓g., if there is a tab after the insertion position). If your terminal allows motion while in insert mode, you can give the capa- bility mi to speed up inserting in this case. Omitting mi will affect only speed. Some terminals (notably Datamedia's) must not have mi because of the way their insert mode works. Finally, you can specify dc to delete a single character, DC with one parameter _✓n to delete _✓n characters, and delete mode by giving dm and ed to enter and exit delete mode (which is any mode the terminal needs to be placed in for dc to work). Highlighting, Underlining, and Visible Bells If your terminal has one or more kinds of display attri- butes, these can be represented in a number of different ways. You should choose one display form as _✓s_✓t_✓a_✓n_✓d_✓o_✓u_✓t _✓m_✓o_✓d_✓e, representing a good high-contrast, easy-on-the-eyes format for highlighting error messages and other attention getters. (If you have a choice, reverse video plus half-bright is good, or reverse video alone.) The sequences to enter and exit standout mode are given as so and se, respectively. If the code to change into or out of standout mode leaves one or even two blank spaces or garbage characters on the screen, as the TVI 912 and Teleray 1061 do, then sg should be given to tell how many characters are left. Codes to begin underlining and end underlining can be given as us and ue, respectively. Underline mode change garbage is specified by ug, similar to sg. If the terminal has a Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 12 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) code to underline the current character and move the cursor one position to the right, such as the Microterm Mime, this can be given as uc. Other capabilities to enter various highlighting modes include mb (blinking), md (bold or extra bright), mh (dim or half-bright), mk (blanking or invisible text), mp (pro- tected), mr (reverse video), me (turn off _✓a_✓l_✓l attribute modes), as (enter alternate character set mode), and ae (exit alternate character set mode). Turning on any of these modes singly may or may not turn off other modes. If there is a sequence to set arbitrary combinations of mode, this should be given as sa (set attributes), taking 9 parameters. Each parameter is either 0 or 1, as the corresponding attributes is on or off. The 9 parameters are, in order: standout, underline, reverse, blink, dim, bold, blank, protect, and alternate character set. Not all modes need be supported by sa, only those for which corresponding attribute commands exist. (It is unlikely that a _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p-using program will support this capability, which is defined for compatibility with _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o.) Terminals with the "magic cookie" glitches (sg and ug), rather than maintaining extra attribute bits for each char- acter cell, instead deposit special "cookies", or "garbage characters", when they receive mode-setting sequences, which affect the display algorithm. Some terminals, such as the Hewlett-Packard 2621, automati- cally leave standout mode when they move to a new line or when the cursor is addressed. Programs using standout mode should exit standout mode on such terminals before moving the cursor or sending a newline. On terminals where this is not a problem, the ms capability should be present to say that this overhead is unnecessary. If the terminal has a way of flashing the screen to indicate an error quietly (a bell replacement), this can be given as vb; it must not move the cursor. If the cursor needs to be made more visible than normal when it is not on the bottom line (to change, for example, a non-blinking underline into an easier-to-find block or blinking underline), give this sequence as vs. If there is a way to make the cursor completely invisible, give that as vi. The capability ve, which undoes the effects of both of these modes, should also be given. If your terminal correctly displays underlined characters (with no special codes needed) even though it does not over- strike, then you should give the capability ul. If Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 13 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) overstrikes are erasable with a blank, this should be indi- cated by giving eo. Keypad If the terminal has a keypad that transmits codes when the keys are pressed, this information can be given. Note that it is not possible to handle terminals where the keypad only works in local mode (this applies, for example, to the unshifted Hewlett-Packard 2621 keys). If the keypad can be set to transmit or not transmit, give these codes as ks and ke. Otherwise the keypad is assumed to always transmit. The codes sent by the left-arrow, right-arrow, up-arrow, down-arrow, and home keys can be given as kl, kr, ku, kd, and kh, respectively. If there are function keys such as f0, f1, ..., f9, the codes they send can be given as k0, k1, k9. If these keys have labels other than the default f0 through f9, the labels can be given as l0, l1, l9. The codes transmitted by certain other special keys can be given: kH (home down), kb (backspace), ka (clear all tabs), kt (clear the tab stop in this column), kC (clear screen or erase), kD (delete character), kL (delete line), kM (exit insert mode), kE (clear to end of line), kS (clear to end of screen), kI (insert character or enter insert mode), kA (insert line), kN (next page), kP (previous page), kF (scroll forward/down), kR (scroll backward/up), and kT (set a tab stop in this column). In addition, if the keypad has a 3 by 3 array of keys including the four arrow keys, then the other five keys can be given as K1, K2, K3, K4, and K5. These keys are useful when the effects of a 3 by 3 direc- tional pad are needed. The obsolete ko capability formerly used to describe "other" function keys has been completely supplanted by the above capabilities. The ma entry is also used to indicate arrow keys on termi- nals that have single-character arrow keys. It is obsolete but still in use in version 2 of _✓v_✓i which must be run on some minicomputers due to memory limitations. This field is redundant with kl, kr, ku, kd, and kh. It consists of groups of two characters. In each group, the first charac- ter is what an arrow key sends, and the second character is the corresponding _✓v_✓i command. These commands are h for kl, j for kd, k for ku, l for kr, and H for kh. For example, the Mime would have "ma=^Hh^Kj^Zk^Xl" indicating arrow keys left (^H), down (^K), up (^Z), and right (^X). (There is no home key on the Mime.) Tabs and Initialization If the terminal needs to be in a special mode when running a program that uses these capabilities, the codes to enter and exit this mode can be given as ti and te. This arises, for Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 14 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) example, from terminals like the Concept with more than one page of memory. If the terminal has only memory-relative cursor addressing and not screen-relative cursor addressing, a screen-sized window must be fixed into the display for cursor addressing to work properly. This is also used for the Tektronix 4025, where ti sets the command character to be the one used by _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p. Other capabilities include is, an initialization string for the terminal, and if, the name of a file containing long initialization strings. These strings are expected to set the terminal into modes consistent with the rest of the _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p description. They are normally sent to the terminal by the _✓t_✓s_✓e_✓t program each time the user logs in. They will be printed in the following order: is; setting tabs using ct and st; and finally if. (_✓T_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o uses i1-i2 instead of is and runs the program iP and prints i3 after the other ini- tializations.) A pair of sequences that does a harder reset from a totally unknown state can be analogously given as rs and if. These strings are output by the _✓r_✓e_✓s_✓e_✓t program, which is used when the terminal gets into a wedged state. (_✓T_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o uses r1-r3 instead of rs.) Commands are normally placed in rs and rf only if they produce annoying effects on the screen and are not necessary when logging in. For exam- ple, the command to set the VT100 into 80-column mode would normally be part of is, but it causes an annoying glitch of the screen and is not normally needed since the terminal is usually already in 80-column mode. If the terminal has hardware tabs, the command to advance to the next tab stop can be given as ta (usually ^I). A "back- tab" command which moves leftward to the previous tab stop can be given as bt. By convention, if the terminal driver modes indicate that tab stops are being expanded by the com- puter rather than being sent to the terminal, programs should not use ta or bt even if they are present, since the user may not have the tab stops properly set. If the termi- nal has hardware tabs that are initially set every _✓n posi- tions when the terminal is powered up, then the numeric parameter it is given, showing the number of positions between tab stops. This is normally used by the _✓t_✓s_✓e_✓t com- mand to determine whether to set the driver mode for hardware tab expansion, and whether to set the tab stops. If the terminal has tab stops that can be saved in nonvola- tile memory, the _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p description can assume that they are properly set. If there are commands to set and clear tab stops, they can be given as ct (clear all tab stops) and st (set a tab stop in the current column of every row). If a more complex sequence is needed to set the tabs than can be described by this, the sequence can be placed in is or if. Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 15 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) Delays Certain capabilities control padding in the terminal driver. These are primarily needed by hardcopy terminals and are used by the _✓t_✓s_✓e_✓t program to set terminal driver modes appropriately. Delays embedded in the capabilities cr, sf, le, ff, and ta will cause the appropriate delay bits to be set in the terminal driver. If pb (padding baud rate) is given, these values can be ignored at baud rates below the value of pb. For 4.2BSD _✓t_✓s_✓e_✓t, the delays are given as numeric capabilities dC, dN, dB, dF, and dT instead. Miscellaneous If the terminal requires other than a NUL (zero) character as a pad, this can be given as pc. Only the first character of the pc string is used. If the terminal has commands to save and restore the posi- tion of the cursor, give them as sc and rc. If the terminal has an extra "status line" that is not nor- mally used by software, this fact can be indicated. If the status line is viewed as an extra line below the bottom line, then the capability hs should be given. Special strings to go to a position in the status line and to return from the status line can be given as ts and fs. (fs must leave the cursor position in the same place that it was before ts. If necessary, the sc and rc strings can be included in ts and fs to get this effect.) The capability ts takes one parameter, which is the column number of the status line to which the cursor is to be moved. If escape sequences and other special commands such as tab work while in the status line, the flag es can be given. A string that turns off the status line (or otherwise erases its contents) should be given as ds. The status line is normally assumed to be the same width as the rest of the screen, _✓i._✓e., co. If the status line is a different width (possibly because the terminal does not allow an entire line to be loaded), then its width in columns can be indicated with the numeric parameter ws. If the terminal can move up or down half a line, this can be indicated with hu (half-line up) and hd (half-line down). This is primarily useful for superscripts and subscripts on hardcopy terminals. If a hardcopy terminal can eject to the next page (form feed), give this as ff (usually ^L). If there is a command to repeat a given character a given number of times (to save time transmitting a large number of identical characters), this can be indicated with the parameterized string rp. The first parameter is the Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 16 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) character to be repeated and the second is the number of times to repeat it. (This is a _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o feature that is unlikely to be supported by a program that uses _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p.) If the terminal has a settable command character, such as the Tektronix 4025, this can be indicated with CC. A proto- type command character is chosen which is used in all capa- bilities. This character is given in the CC capability to identify it. The following convention is supported on some UNIX systems: The environment is to be searched for a CC variable, and if found, all occurrences of the prototype character are replaced by the character in the environment variable. This use of the CC environment variable is a very bad idea, as it conflicts with _✓m_✓a_✓k_✓e(1). Terminal descriptions that do not represent a specific kind of known terminal, such as _✓s_✓w_✓i_✓t_✓c_✓h, _✓d_✓i_✓a_✓l_✓u_✓p, _✓p_✓a_✓t_✓c_✓h, and _✓n_✓e_✓t_✓- _✓w_✓o_✓r_✓k, should include the gn (generic) capability so that programs can complain that they do not know how to talk to the terminal. (This capability does not apply to _✓v_✓i_✓r_✓t_✓u_✓a_✓l terminal descriptions for which the escape sequences are known.) If the terminal uses xoff/xon (DC3/DC1) handshaking for flow control, give xo. Padding information should still be included so that routines can make better decisions about costs, but actual pad characters will not be transmitted. If the terminal has a "meta key" which acts as a shift key, setting the 8th bit of any character transmitted, then this fact can be indicated with km. Otherwise, software will assume that the 8th bit is parity and it will usually be cleared. If strings exist to turn this "meta mode" on and off, they can be given as mm and mo. If the terminal has more lines of memory than will fit on the screen at once, the number of lines of memory can be indicated with lm. An explicit value of 0 indicates that the number of lines is not fixed, but that there is still more memory than fits on the screen. If the terminal is one of those supported by the UNIX system virtual terminal protocol, the terminal number can be given as vt. Media copy strings which control an auxiliary printer con- nected to the terminal can be given as ps: print the con- tents of the screen; pf: turn off the printer; and po: turn on the printer. When the printer is on, all text sent to the terminal will be sent to the printer. It is undefined whether the text is also displayed on the terminal screen when the printer is on. A variation pO takes one parameter Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 17 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) and leaves the printer on for as many characters as the value of the parameter, then turns the printer off. The parameter should not exceed 255. All text, including pf, is transparently passed to the printer while pO is in effect. Strings to program function keys can be given as pk, pl, and px. Each of these strings takes two parameters: the func- tion key number to program (from 0 to 9) and the string to program it with. Function key numbers out of this range may program undefined keys in a terminal-dependent manner. The differences among the capabilities are that pk causes press- ing the given key to be the same as the user typing the given string; pl causes the string to be executed by the terminal in local mode; and px causes the string to be transmitted to the computer. Unfortunately, due to lack of a definition for string parameters in _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p, only _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o supports these capabilities. Glitches and Braindamage Hazeltine terminals, which do not allow `~' characters to be displayed, should indicate hz. The nc capability, now obsolete, formerly indicated Datamedia terminals, which echo \r \n for carriage return then ignore a following linefeed. Terminals that ignore a linefeed immediately after an am wrap, such as the Concept, should indicate xn. If ce is required to get rid of standout (instead of merely writing normal text on top of it), xs should be given. Teleray terminals, where tabs turn all characters moved over to blanks, should indicate xt (destructive tabs). This glitch is also taken to mean that it is not possible to position the cursor on top of a "magic cookie", and that to erase standout mode it is necessary to use delete and insert line. The Beehive Superbee, which is unable to correctly transmit the ESC or ^C characters, has xb, indicating that the "f1" key is used for ESC and "f2" for ^C. (Only certain Super- bees have this problem, depending on the ROM.) Other specific terminal problems may be corrected by adding more capabilities of the form x_✓x. Similar Terminals If there are two very similar terminals, one can be defined as being just like the other with certain exceptions. The Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 18 TERMCAP(5) UNIX Programmer's Manual TERMCAP(5) string capability tc can be given with the name of the simi- lar terminal. This capability must be _✓l_✓a_✓s_✓t, and the com- bined length of the entries must not exceed 1024. The capa- bilities given before tc override those in the terminal type invoked by tc. A capability can be canceled by placing xx@ to the left of the tc invocation, where _✓x_✓x is the capabil- ity. For example, the entry hn|2621-nl:ks@:ke@:tc=2621: defines a "2621-nl" that does not have the ks or ke capabil- ities, hence does not turn on the function key labels when in visual mode. This is useful for different modes for a terminal, or for different user preferences. AUTHOR William Joy Mark Horton added underlining and keypad support FILES /etc/termcap file containing terminal descriptions SEE ALSO ex(1), more(1), tset(1), ul(1), vi(1), curses(3X), printf(3S), term(7). CAVEATS AND BUGS Note: _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓c_✓a_✓p was replaced by _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓i_✓n_✓f_✓o in UNIX System V Release 2.0. The transition will be relatively painless if capabilities flagged as "obsolete" are avoided. Lines and columns are now stored by the kernel as well as in the termcap entry. Most programs now use the kernel infor- mation primarily; the information in this file is used only if the kernel does not have any information. _✓V_✓i allows only 256 characters for string capabilities, and the routines in _✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m_✓l_✓i_✓b(3) do not check for overflow of this buffer. The total length of a single entry (excluding only escaped newlines) may not exceed 1024. Not all programs support all entries. Printed 8/14/86 1 November 1985 19